The Hulk and The Incredible Hulk Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hulk and The Incredible Hulk - Movie Review Example The Hulk originated as a superhero in the Ultimate Marvels comic books and has since gained world recognition and gained celebrity status as a movie hero. There has been much discussion and comparisons made between the 2003 Hulk Movie and the 2008 movie The Incredible Hulk and this will be discussed in this essay. It puts a life history to the character; he was adopted after David Banner, his father, accidentally killed his mother after causing an explosion at his lab when the government closed it down due to discovering his dangerous experiments. Baby Bruce was adopted after his father became institutionalised in a mental hospital.The 2008 movie The Incredible Hulk was directed by Louis Leterrier and the Hulk/Dr Bruce Banner was played by Edward Norton. This movie was not to be viewed as a sequel to the 2003 film and also rebooted the history of the character (Lee, 2008). Edward Norton was the screenwriter who rewrote the first draft written by Zak Penn, and attempted to base the story more on the Marvel Comic strip and the TV series than the 2003 movie had been. In this movie the Hulk was developed as a military project, a super soldier as was the Hulks character in the Ultimate Marvels comic books.... The Los Angeles Time movie review called it 'Freud for Dummies' (Dargis, 2003). There are comparisons also to make regarding the profits of the two movies. The Incredible Hulk in the US grossed $134,533,885 at the box office in its first 2 months compared to $132.2 million for the 2003 movie so whilst it appears both films were as successful inflation also has to be taken into account [1]. The films both received mixed reviews and so The Incredible Hulk had to overcome the negativity that The Hulk had received and according to many critics did not succeed its predecessor. In The Incredible Hulk an experiment goes wrong with Dr Bruce Banner being left with gamma radiation poisoning. Banner had been led to believe by General Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross that the purpose of the experiment was to make humans immune to gamma radiation poisoning and when the experiment fails Banners genes are mutated and he transforms into the Hulk. Like The Hulk film from 2003 the movie sees him avoiding capture by the military forces led by General 'Thunderbolt' Ross. Dr Banner seeks refuge in Brazil where he seeks to find a cure for his condition. Both films provide histories for the character and similarities do obviously occur, his love affair with Betty, and the centre of the story being the alter ego of Dr Bruce. The comparisons lye in the narration of how the Hulk developed into the alter ego of Dr Bruce Banner and the experiences he had. Bibliography [1] http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/id=incrediblehulk.htm Dargis, Manohla. "Hulk" puts a Freudian spin on the dualities of human nature, but this monster is a little too mild" New York Times (20th June 2003) 11th November 2008

Analysing and Applying Business Process Reengineering

Analysing and Applying Business Process Reengineering In the first part of this assignment the meaning of business process reengineering (BPR) is analysed. In more details, it is outlined how business processes might be reengineered to improve company or organizational performance. The themes covered are: The importance of BPR in organizations The objectives of implementing BPR The specific techniques that can be used (like process mapping) The required training The possible problems in implementation (like resistance) As about the second part, a critical evaluation is made concerning the statement of McCabe (2004: 851): BPR does not challenge hierarchical authority, but instead attempts to reconfigure authority and power relations so as to obscure them through the language of consensus. In this section of the assignment it is critically evaluated the proposition that BPR in fact does very little to question the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control and in several important respects simply reinforces them. ANALYSIS OF PART 1. The term of BPR Today the business world is characterized by unpredictable changes, under the global competition and the customers demands. To be successful in such an environment, a firm must operate with speed, flexibility, low overheads and a clearly defined customer focus. The term business process reengineering (BPR) refers to an approach that is used by organizations seeking improvements in their business performance (Anonymous, 2007). The importance of BPR There is a series of driving forces, which trigger companies to undertake reengineering projects. These are customers, competition, change, cost, technology and shareholders and they lead to a requirement of new organizational structures and an alteration of the traditional way of doing business. Organizations consider BPR as an important tool of organizational improvement, as it helps them achieve the radical change necessary for todays volatile business environment. Additionally, BPR stresses the importance of linkages within an organisation. Though its structure integrated processes are generated concerning the nature of peoples jobs and how people are grouped and organized in the working environment. What is more, through BPR peoples jobs become multidimensional instead of narrow and traditional task orientation. When the concept of process is promoted in the BPR, cross boundary teamwork is incorporated and process shifts the goal focus on performance measurement and managerial r esponsibility from a function or responsibility center to an activity derivative process concept. So, BPR defines process teams as an important element in the business environment where work becomes multidimensional, substantive and more rewarding (Anonymous, 2007). It can be concluded that the importance of BPR is found at the fact that it is a dynamic tool for improving operations. BPR provides a process view of the organisation and a way of improving processes. Using this approach a company will be organized based on processes. As a result, processes are simplified, flows are improved and non value added work is eliminated (Schroeder, 2000). BPR is a complete life cycle approach. This provides the scope for problem identification and also solutions to implement the successful business operations. BPR can significantly improve cost, quality, service and speed simultaneously, so important results are provided to customers (Thyagarajan and Khatibi, 2004). It can be supported that organisations should focus on BPR for three key reasons: Firstly, there is much to be gained by improving business process. Secondly, business processes can be controlled and finally business processes are comparatively more important than production processes (Anonymous, 2007). The objectives of BPR BPR is a fundamental element in improving business performance and profitability. The BPR objectives refer to: improved operational performance, by closing performance gaps improved competencies, by closing skill and competency gaps reduced costs and manpower savings, by application of management analysis tools and techniques improved customer services or employee quality of life increased customer satisfaction increased productivity in the workplace continuous improvement of services quality delivered quality goods at competitive prices in a timely fashion (Anonymous, 2010a). The technical tools used in BPR There are different improvement techniques that can be adopted to analyse the BPR. These techniques enable the organization to understand, simplify and improve processes that already exist, not only to meet, but also to exceed the expectations of customers and provide a coordinating discipline for overall performance improvement (Anonymous, 2007). The selection of technical tools for BPR depends upon: (i) the nature of decision areas, (ii) the nature of data to be analysed, and (iii) the background of users. Table 1. The specific techniques that can be used in BPR Areas to be reengineered Techniques used in BPR BPR strategies Decision support system and Knowledge-based models Business process system design Analytical models such as queuing and simulations models Project management PERT/CPM and Flow Charts Reengineering business process Activity-based analysis and workflow model including flow chart Design of information system for reengineering business process Object-oriented models and programming Understanding of the business process system IDEF Models, EFQM Models, Petri-Net Models (Gunasekaran and Kobu, 2002). Process Mapping is a technique known as Process Charting or Flow Charting and is one of the oldest, simplest and most valuable techniques for streamlining work. It is one of the fastest ways to lower errors, increase productivity and affect customer service. It generally follows these steps: Choose a process. Assemble a team. Map out the way work is currently done. Identify problem areas. Brainstorm solutions. Evaluate action steps. Assign responsibilities. Create a master plan. Follow through. (Anonymous, 2010b). Process Mapping is an important tool in examining work flow and customer supplier relationships, which is the foundation for appropriate improvements. Additionally, it is a cost effective training tool for everyone interesting in increasing the efficiency of their organization and improving communication. (Damelio, 1996). Many organizations use this technique as a part of their reengineering projects, as it provides a variety of benefits (figure 1). Figure 1. The main benefits of implementing process mapping technique (Image available at the website http://www.google.gr, accessed 8-10-2010) The BPR training Implementing successfully BPR in an organisations environment is not an easy task, as the appeared changes require changes in attitudes and deep involvement of workforce both in individual and team level. As a result, the fact that a major aspect of BPR is human factor, it makes obvious that appropriate training is required in order to implement successfully BPR in the business environment. Companies should ensure that their employees are suitably motivated and the technology required for training is available in implementing BPR. Training is one of the most frequently used approaches to changing the organisations mindset. A company might offer the suitable training programs so as to effectively implement BPR processes (Daft, 2006) According to White (2010) business process reengineering education and training can come in a variety of ways, including: Learning more about process design at a graduate level. Using online continuing education options for further education. Attending seminars that cover various aspects of business process reengineering. The possible problems in BPR implementation Various radical changes occur when BPR takes place. Hammer and Champy (1993, cited in Anonymous, 2007) have listed the various kinds of changes that occur when a company re-engineers its business process. A shift from functional departments to process teams Job change A reversal of the power relationship: from superordinate to subordinate empowerment . Today markets are characterized by a high flow of information and companies face competitive business environments. Under this reality, organizations must follow effective strategies concerning change management (Robbins, 2001). BPR has to do with improving company or organizational performance, so its implementation requires the changes mentioned above often in a rapid way of implementation in attitudes and deep involvement of workforce both in individual and team level. These changes often refer to redefinition of charts structure and/ or redesign of the workforces roles and responsibilities. The new situation can bring resistance to change, so managers should examine carefully the way BPR implementation will take place. Managers should support understanding and trust concerning the new situation and minimize uncertainty within the workplace. The suggestions for dealing with the possible resistance to change are the following: Determining the goals of BPR implementation. Establishing a clear view about the changes that will occur in the workplace. Applying a direct communication method between managers and employees Checking the procedures of re-engineering, so as to deal with possible problems and find solutions. Focusing on performance measures and compensation shifts Enhancing customer focus as about value change Showing an appropriate management behaviour, through control and supervision Under these suggestions the changes in the business process, lob and structures, management and measurement systems, values and beliefs will result in a flatter organizational structure. As a consequence all the aspects (people, jobs, managers and values) are linked together and the organization will become more responsive in BPR implementation (Anonymous, 2007). ANALYSIS OF PART 2. In this section it will be critically evaluated the statement of McCabe (2004: 851): BPR does not challenge hierarchical authority, but instead attempts to reconfigure authority and power relations so as to obscure them through the language of consensus. In order to make this evaluation, it is essential to introduce the issue of hierarchical authority in an organizations environment. Hierarchical structures are present in most organizations today. Smaller organizations may have only two levels, while larger ones may have a vast number of levels. These structures are used as a method of communications and as the lines of authority. In an organizational environment, the hierarchy mainly apart of a singular/group of power at the top with subsequent levels of power beneath them. Members of such structures chiefly communicate with their immediate superior and with their immediate subordinates. Hierarchical authority structures are providing the opportunity for greater decision-making width for individuals and more flexible definitions of job activities. This is a challenge to existing organizational forms (Zhao, Rosson and Purao, 2007). In a hierarchical organisation employees are ranked at various levels within the organisation, each level is one above the other. At each stage in the chain, one person has a number of workers directly under them, within their span of control. A tall hierarchical organisation has many levels and a flat hierarchical organisation will only have a few (Anonymous, 2010d). At figure 2 a traditional hierarchy is given. Figure 2. A traditional hierarchy diagram (Hierarchical Organisation, available at the website http://www.learnmanagement2.com, accessed 18-10-2010) CHIEF EXECUTIVE MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER ASSISTANT MANAGER ASSISTANT MANAGER ASSISTANT MANAGER STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF It is obvious that hierarchies within control systems are a clear need for business environments. Without some form of hierarchy, a low level of control can create numerous problems in an organization. There ate two kinds of control systems: flat and hierarchical. Hierarchical architectures have a more indirect coupling of perceptions to actions through a hierarchical control structure. Both kinds of control systems have benefits, but hierarchical structure can support faster learning and a better way to deal with resistance to change (Digney, 1998) Control is a fundamental managerial function. It is the process of regulating organizational activities so that actual performance conforms to expected organizational standards and goals and ensures that necessary corrective action is taken. In fact, control is ensuring work accomplishment according to plans. It is a process of ensuring that activities are producing desired results. We can support that control is an executive function involving three elements, i.e., standards, evaluative and corrective action. BPR is the latest wave in a series of management initiatives to increase managerial control (Gupta, 2010). According to the issues covered in the analysis of part one of this assignment, business process reengineering is proved to be a revolutionary, radical change approach to improving organizational performance through transformation. BPR methodologies aim for a flatter organizational structure, promoting the development of empowered process workers who are encouraged to use information technology in radically new ways to carry out business operations. In BPR approaches, empowerment is inflicted by leadership changing worker values and through the use of information technologies enables managerial control. Empowerment through BPR does not necessarily release control but does change the way control is exercised. Authority is still enforced through hierarchical control of culture. The reengineering approach polishes the management of power relations, when attempts are made to change traditional power structures and everyday power relations through the flattening of the hierarchy (Sayer an d Harvey, 1997). The introduction of reengineering introduces a new relationship of power in the form of a discipline which the reengineering sustains through discourse control. In this new situation any discipline comes with its structures, its hierarchies, its inspections, exercises and methods of training and conditioning (Foucault, 1980, p. 158). BPR is an approach that supports transformation with the notion of producing the flatter organization. Hierarchy and control are still promoted and within BPR, the emphasis lies on changing the formal patterns and using mechanisms of control to change the informal (Sayer and Harvey, 1997). BPR is a strong tool of managerial control. Controlling is the fourth function of management process (the other functions are planning, organizing and leading). Through BPR managers can identify whether the organization is on target towards its goals and can make better corrections if necessary. In BPR, information technology is generally considered as playing a role as enabler of new forms of organizing and collaborating. New information technology can help managers provide needed organizational control without strict top down constraints. A representative example is that of Cisco Systems: By using information technology to coordinate and monitor several aspects of operations, the company keeps tabs on employee and organizational performance without maintaining daily authoritarian control over workers. Cisco employees have amazing freedom to make decision and take actions, but they also know that top managers keep a close eye on what is going on throughout the company (Daft, 2006). Most businesses try to take advantage of BPR concerning dealing with the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control. BPR assumes radical redesign of business processes. Many processes simply can not be further improved in small steps and require a complete redesign in order to improve them in a major way. Hierarchical control is a fundamental element in this effort and managers who desire to organize around outcomes, have people processed their own information, put the decision point where the work is performed and build control into the process, should support the view that BPR can reinforce the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control. BPR is a management system of forced, speedy culture change, highly linked to hierarchical control. In fact it does very little to question the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control and in several important respects simply reinforces them. CONCLUSIONS Business Process Reengineering includes changes concerning both structures and procedures defined in a business environment. Human, organizational, technological dimensions that characterize an organization can change through BPR. Using this approach, organizations can seek improvements in their business performance. As it was analysed at the first part of this assignment, organizations consider BPR as an important tool of organizational improvement, as it helps them achieve the radical change necessary for todays volatile business environment. Additionally, BPR stresses the importance of linkages within an organization. What is more, through BPR peoples jobs become multidimensional instead of narrow and traditional task orientation. In result, the importance of BPR is found at the fact that it is a dynamic tool for improving operations. BPR is a fundamental element in improving business performance and profitability. The main BPR objectives refer to improved operational performance, improved competencies, reduced costs and manpower savings, improved customer services or employee quality of life, increased customer satisfaction, increased productivity in the workplace, continuous improvement of services quality and delivered quality goods at competitive prices in a timely fashion. There are different improvement techniques that can be adopted to analyse the BPR. Among them, Process Mapping is a technique known as Process Charting or Flow Charting and is one of the oldest, simplest and most valuable techniques for streamlining work. It is a cost effective training tool for everyone interesting in increasing the efficiency of their organization and improving communication and is highly preferred by enterprises today. Implementing successfully BPR in an organisations environment is not an easy task, as a major aspect of BPR is human factor. So, companies should ensure that their employees are suitably motivated and the technology required for training is available in implementing BPR. Various radical changes occur when BPR takes place, so managers should carefully examine the strategies in change management so as to achieve the best efficiency and deal appropriately with the possible resistance to change that BPR will bring. The second part included a critical evaluation of the statement of McCabe (2004: 851): BPR does not challenge hierarchical authority, but instead attempts to reconfigure authority and power relations so as to obscure them through the language of consensus. According to the relevant analysis, within control systems are a clear need for business environments. Without some form of hierarchy, a low level of control can create numerous problems in an organization. Hierarchical structure can support faster learning and a better way to deal with resistance to change, so BPR supports the management initiatives to increase managerial control. . In BPR approaches, empowerment is inflicted by leadership changing worker values and through the use of information technologies enables managerial control. Empowerment through BPR does not necessarily release control but does change the way control is exercised. Most businesses should try to take advantage of BPR concerning dealing with the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control. This is because BPR is a management system of forced, speedy culture change, highly linked to hierarchical control. In fact it does very little to question the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control and in several important respects simply reinforces them.

The Metaphysical One in Platonic and Augustinian Thoughts Essay

The legacy of Plato left its distinctive brand of influence on St. Augustine's beliefs and writings, of this there is no doubt. In Confessions, Augustine himself professed that it was the Platonic books that enabled him to attach himself to his God. However, it is evident that Augustine re-augmented much of the Platonic thoughts and, combining them with the early Christian doctrines, configured the hybrid into what became the foundation of Catholicism. The differences—as well as similarities—that exist between the two thought systems can be dissected from two points: the nature of the metaphysical supreme One and its relationships with the Many. At the heart of Platonism is the concept of eidos, or Forms: the theory of an absolute and unchangeable Idea that is manifest in all things that are made so by its essence. One of the best definitions of the concept is offered in "Meno" in regards to the Form of Virtue: "†¦what is this very thing, in which [the individual virtues] are all the same and do not differ from each other? †¦ Even if they are many and various, all of them have one and the same Form which makes them virtues." ("Meno", 72c, p61.) Plato searched for not individual aspects of a concept but the exact, complete definition of it. It is clear that he did not concern himself with the physical realities of the world but rather The Reality, the Immaterial which supercedes the Material. The questions then rises about Plato's attitudes towards the pagan gods and his belief about the totality of the universe. Judging from the absence of Greek deities from the Dialogues, one is compelled to believe that Plato thought of the conventional gods as unnecessary and sought after the very Being of the universe, which is the eterna... ...ate Good the soul can achieve nothing. In addition, Augustine evidently was most anxious to attack Manicheism, hence altogether rejecting that God is within human beings (a notion echoed by the Manicheans) would have been essential. In his Confessions, Augustine successfully remolded Platonism to match his Christian ideals and interpretations. According to Platonism, the abstract eidos is the metaphysical perfect existence and the primal Universal Principle can be perceived as the Form of Being. Augustine took after Plato in his belief of an eternal, immaterial and unifying One, but his God departs from its Platonic counterpart in that He is active, personal, and ultimately the only hope of human salvation. Still, through Augustine and the Catholic Church, the pantheistic Platonism and its metaphysical One has survived throughout the Middle Ages into the present.

Frankenstein: A Critical Analysis

A Critical Analysis Author-centered Reading Early 19th century gothic novel, Frankincense, has provided an excellent base for an author-centered analysis, given the prominence of Shelley circumstantial Influence and strong symbolism. Born at the turn of the 18th century in London, Mary Shelley was exposed to venerated authors and their works from a young age. Showing her ability and promise early on In life, she went on to write a number of acclaimed novels, Including Valier and The Last Man.Shelley Imagery compares to the best of 19th century Romantic literature and has helped establish her as one of the time's retreat authors. (Academic, 2009) Through Frankincense, I have Implied Mary Shelley to be strongly opposed to the Idea of ‘playing god' and transgressing the human Limitations. She has used strong Juxtaposition to highlight the horror of the monster, contrasting It to the sporadic scenes of beautiful valleys and mountain ranges.Through her use of this technique, it is c lear that Shelley herself is disgusted with the monster, though she has attempted to justify the actions and behaviors of it throughout. Her personal disgust and rejection of the wretch comes through in the behavior of the characters, with only one, an old, blind man ever coming close to accepting him. As Victor says, â€Å"There can be no community between you and me; we are enemies†. (Shelley, 2000, p. 82) Though the monster had done no wrong, initially, and only desired to be loved, â€Å"l was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend† (Shelley, 2000, p. 2), he was accepted by none. It seemed thus, that Shelley was trying to show that even if man successfully reached god-like achievements, he and his creation would not enjoy any form of acceptance as the heart of man opposes him to such ghastly and horrific actions. At the beginning of Chapter 5, it is seen that Frankincense calls his creation the wretch' before it had even awoken, How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavourer to form? † (Shelley, 2000, p. 1) Although these words were technically spoken after it occurred, in Frankincense's recount to Walton, Shelley could have chosen to refer to the monster in an objective manner at this point, instead in this subjective way. By doing this, however, the monster Is portrayed as lesser than human, not worthy and is degraded In the eyes f the reader, without any actions of the monster being recounted. As said, Shelley Juxtaposed the monster to the scenic landscapes. This Is technique Is evident here as well, though not in exactly the same manner.The next scene after Frankincense creates the monster, has Frankincense Joyfully re-unlit with Clerical. Recounting the scene between Frankincense and Clerical, Shelley uses exclamation marks to dramatist the situation In order to draw a starker comparison with the previous scene. Then, as quickly as the mo od turned Joyful, It became drastically solemn as the conversation turned to Victors exploits. Nature has also played a large part in the novel and is key to understanding certain elements.Set in the 18th century in Switzerland, the novel's locale draws key inspiration from Shelley circumstance at the time, being that it was conceived in Switzerland, only a few years after it came across strongly in the novel. â€Å"the moon gazed on my midnight labors, while, with unrelated and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding places† (Shelley, 2000, p. 39) Shelley has personified nature quite strongly and through words like these, Shelley has established nature as an all-powerful, god-like being.This further enhances the view that she was bringing across the point that no one should attempt to breach nature's omnipotence. In this way, she has likened nature to an all-powerful God. Shelley also re-enforced the power of nature – God – through her language â⠂¬Å"As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from out house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump† (Shelley, 2000, p. 26).What Shelley has done for nature though, she has done the opposite for man. Mary Shelley has brought across humans as being incompetent, insensible beings. When the wretch leaves evidence of Justine killing Will on her person, she is arrested and does not receive a proper trial, being lynched by members of the public. Later on, in an encounter between the wretch and Frankincense, the monster says, muff accuse me of murder; and yet you would, with satisfied conscience, destroy your own creature. Oh, praise the eternal justice of man! † (Shelley, 2000, p. 2) Through this, it would seem that Mary Shelley had become disillusioned with man-kind and its constant endeavourers to ‘play-god', en in advances within science and medicine. Shelley was likely influenced by the times she was in, through influential figures like Jean-Jacques Rousseau who criticized the view that man should exert his influence and superiority over nature by ‘Playing-God'. Shelley was a strong advocate for Rousseau, opposing others like Henry Bacon, who were of the view that Frankincense was of at the start of his time at the University of Inconstant.The Author-centered approach has evolved over the past century and continues to do so, most recently with Farther' Death of the Author of 1967. Instead of viewing the author as the sole influence of the texts' meaning, the contemporary view sees persons taking interest in the author; his/her background and circumstance to discern the link between them and their work (QUA Syllabus, 2011) I first applied Authorial Intent with special consideration given to Wimpiest and Beardsley Intentional Fallacy of 1946.This provided a base for analyzing Frankinc ense without being clouded by the presumed design or intention of the author which according to Wimpiest and Beardsley, â€Å"is neither available nor desirable as a standard for Judging he success of a literary work of art† (Wimpiest and Beardsley, 1946, p. L) Upon reading Intentional Fallacy I saw that Frankincense was a ubiquitous representation of the canonical life of Mary Shelley, not Just the intended meaning she desired. The theory states that, â€Å"an author's stated purpose cannot determine all the legitimate readings that may be made in his/her text. (QUA, 2011) Thus, in keeping with Intentional Fallacy, I recognized the relationship between the author, Shelley, and her text. As I said in my first paragraph, â€Å"Through Frankincense, I have implied Mary Shelley to be tryingly opposed to the idea of ‘playing god' and transgressing the human limitations. † The use of Pullet's â€Å"criticism of consciousness† theory helped establish that the u se of literary devices and her language to bring this point across displays that, as I said in my reading, â€Å"Shelley herself is disgusted with The Monster†.The author-function, specifically the characteristics of attribution and valuation, as introduced by Factual, also led my reading. Valuation states that an author is not defined purely through his/her discourse but, â€Å"It results from a complex operation hose purpose is to construct the rational entity we call an author† (Factual, 1977). Thus I constructed my view of Shelley from her â€Å"profundity or ‘creative' power†.This is seen all throughout my reading, though most profoundly in my final paragraph, where I state that I am of the view that Shelley â€Å"had become disillusioned with man- kind and its constant endeavourers to ‘play-god† However, the complications of this being perceived as Universality may be questioned as different readings are drawn from Frankincense. The char acteristic of Attribution also showed that my previous dead and knowledge of Mary Shelley as a widely acclaimed author and prominent figure, whose work has lasted till current day, influenced my construction of her.The work of Brooks and Pollute, used in conjunction, was a prime dictator in the course of my reading. The main theory I applied was that â€Å"literature is ultimately metaphorical and symbolic. † (Brooks, 1947) Thus, a closer analysis of the words Shelley used revealed the Pantheism in Frankincense. As I said in my reading, â€Å"Shelley has established nature as an all-powerful, god-like being†. I understood the reason Enid this better after a study of Spinning's work, based on Descartes' dualist theory. Spinal brought into play that God, instead of a physical, anthropomorphism's being, is in fact the composition of nature.Pullet's theory of â€Å"criticism of consciousness† â€Å"embodiment of the state of mind† of Shelley (Pollute, 1971). This is important as it guided me to become conscious of Shelley ‘cogitator' and its impact on my construction of her as an author. This type of Close-reading is advocated by New Criticism (Henderson and Brown, 1997), further allowing me to analyses the construction of Shelley sentences and word-use, to detect symbolism and metaphors. This came through in the third paragraph of my reading, when referring to Shelley use of the word Wretch' so early on.Applying Brooks' theory helped me identify the deeper symbolism in this. I was thus able to recognize that the referral to Victor's creation in such a subjective manner had deeper roots, not Just showing Victor's personal disgust but also causing the monster to appear unworthy of ordinary humans â€Å"†¦ The monster is portrayed as lesser than human and not worthy and is degraded in the eyes of the reader†¦ (Reading) I was also able to analyses Shelley use of punctuation, to further enhance the Juxtaposition between the somber references to the monster and the happier circumstances.Brooks' and Pullet's theories also have elements of the text-centered approach in them, with this approach claiming that the text is place where meaning is found (QUA, 2011, p. 4). Here the subtleties between Historical and New Criticism become evident, with old criticism embracing literature as a form of authorial self-expression, Romanticism (Henderson and Brown, 1997). The shift in thinking though of authorial self-expression to inner symbolism and author omniscience makes it hard to fully identify and articulate Shelley intention. My construction of Shelley, though, seemed at first to be invalid with T. S.Elitist's Tradition And The Individual Talent, which espouses that when critiquing a work, one must take into account the other authors of that time (Adams, 1971) In Elitist's words, â€Å"we pretend to find what is individual, what is the peculiar essence of the man†(Elliot, 1921). This would mean that my b elief that the language in Frankincense symbolizes Pantheism is wrong as it is based purely on Mary Shelley. However, upon closer analysis, I realized that in fact, it supported my conclusions. The key example I would like to present is that of Wordsmith and Coleridge, founders of the Romantic Movement in England.Both of them were strong supporters and advocates of Pantheism, helping to bring Rousseau work to recognition through their own writings. Both were also frequent visitors to the Godwin household (A+E Networks, 2012). Thus Shelley would have grown up around the work of these two men, the Venerated authors' I mentioned in my first paragraph. What I saw here, was sound proof that Intellectuality, or as said by Elliot, â€Å"importance of the relation of the poem o other poems by other authors† (Elliot, 1921) played a large part in Frankincense.

Stylistic analysis: One Stair Up by Campbell Nairne

The book â€Å"One stair up† was written by a Scottish novelist Campbell Nairne in 1934 and describes the life of a working-class family from Edinburgh. And we can see a fragment that shows fine style and good sense of humour. The scene takes place in one of the Broadway cinemas. Two young people – Andrew and Rosa – decided to watch some movie. The culminating point of this story is the moment when Andrew says in excitement, â€Å"Good, isn't it? †, but receives the answer, â€Å"I don't see anything funny in that†. In this scene we can see how different Rosa and Andrew are.From this fragment we don’t know anything about their origin and social status, but we can guess that Rosa was from richer family than Andrew, that’s why she had better taste and didn’t like the foolish comedy. We can also easily understand it from one sentence: â€Å"It pleased her to be seen in the dress circle, even with Andrew†. She hoped to see so me of her friends to spend more pleasant time with them, but as she couldn’t see anybody, she had to stay with Andrew. There is one more evidence for it: â€Å"Is he really so stupid, she wondered. Yes, I suppose he is†.All these facts show us that Andrew and Rosa had very different social status. So, we can say that the main idea of this small fragment is to show how difficult it is for people from different classes to understand each other. What is fun for one is absolutely fool for another. Some habits, like talking in the cinema, are absolutely normal for one and unacceptable for another. I think that the moral of the story can be very well illustrated with two proverbs: â€Å"Tastes differ† and â€Å"A place for everything and everything in its place†. In order to describe the scene properly author uses different stylistic devices.On the whole he describes the movies that the heroes watched in details, so the reader can easily imagine everything that happened on the screen. For this aim the author forms his speech into short sentences that follow one after another like the scenes of the movie. But to make the story more artistic he uses, first of all, different epithets: â€Å"shadowy faces†, â€Å"looped curtain†. Also there are similes: the carpet â€Å"yielded like springing turf†, â€Å"a hard-worked dog, for you saw it, or another like it, in dozens of these comic films† and other to recall some associations in the readers’ mind and to make the images more  Ã¢â‚¬Å"visible†.What is more, similes help the reader understand the way of thinking of different characters and the author, too. The author uses different set phrases like â€Å"The film seemed to have smashed all records. It drew tears from the hardest hearts. It sent thrills down the spine† and others. It is described even with some kind of sarcasm as a sample of bad taste. Also there is an oxymoron: the main part in the â€Å"mightiest drama of Broadway† has a â€Å"bewitching† actress named Minnie Haha.Also the author uses book and high lexicon for usual things, for example: â€Å"to-night he would resist that awful temptation to explain the story in a whisper†, so it’s a burlesque. As for me, I liked this story, but I feel pity to Andrew. It is better to have a good sense of humour than trying to show your tastes. And Andrew just wanted to have better social position and dated with a girl from a rich family. But it is really difficult to them to be together. So, I think that Campbell Nairne had shown everything really truly.